Clausius's ideas of entropy which began as heat flow and friction took a back seat. Randomization is now seen as the overriding entropy theory. The second law of thermodynamics now discusses temperature equilibrium as hot flows into cold and equalizes into warm. The third law of thermodynamics states that at maximum entropy, minimum absolute temperature, 0 degrees Kelvin, is reached. The minimum temperature is derived from experiments that show it takes an increasing amount of energy to lower the temperature each degree. The Kelvin scale was named in honor of the English Lord Kelvin who in 1848 defined the thermodynamic or absolute temperature scale based on relative ratio comparisons of cold/hot; as more heat is needed to cool each degree, the ratio becomes asymptotically zero. Kelvin's work was based on earlier ideas pesented by Carnot on the efficiency of heat engines. Is the space-mass continuum, a closed system, as necessary to be defined by Boltzmann's entropy as nondecreasing disorder? In limitless space variations and oscillations might never cease as nature moves toward irrational numbers of non-repeating decimals. The physical space-mass continuum, however, might very well be a closed system with such values as minimum temperature, maximum speed of light and minimum density of zero, a dimensional void of nothing. Discussions are still proceeding as to whether space itself is finite, or does it expand infinity outwards forever? Even with limits, however, limitlessness might still coexist with limits, because limitless would include everything including limits. Limited space may still be large enough to be above some critical value so that it will never stop oscillating, so that time will never cease. When below this critical value a closed system will randomize and reactions will cease." "Gravity, the force that binds and fuses elements together, is also a one-way path, an asymmetry of least resistance that directs the flow of energy. Mathematically asymmetry forces such as heat, randomization and gravity are represented with an arrow that goes in one direction, rather than an equal sign associated with energy that allows forces to move back and forth. Gravity is a powerful force that directs motion that can be represented with a one-way arrow or asymmetry. Initially, Isaac Newton's Universal Law of Gravity is expressed with an equal sign, but upon closer examination it is only a magnitude without direction. Direction is added after magnitude is calculated and it is always in favor of the larger mass. Newton began by stating his Laws of Motion and ended with his Universal Law of Gravity. Newton's First Law of Motion states: matter in motion will stay in motion and matter at rest will stay at rest, unless acted upon by another force. But gravity is always slowing matter at high velocities and increasing velocity of matter at rest, refusing to let motion maintain its vigor without modification. Gravity as director of energy is a force of order that directs the creation of the universe. Gravity works in the opposite direction of randomization. Gravity results in fusion, the binding of elements together to achieve increasing complexity. The word complexity was deliberately used to represent spontaneous order to differentiate it from the order humans impose on their environment which requires the expenditure of energy. The big bang theory hypothesizes that subatomic elements were condensed into a super-dense ball of matter, called cold matter. The density created heat, heat that caused subatomic elements to fuse together to form simple atoms such as hydrogen and explode into the expansion of space. Primordial cold matter was made by the collapse of irregularities in the very early stages of the universe which glows white hot by emitting radiation in the form of X rays and gamma rays, were picked up by the Hubble telescope at the center of galaxies. Gravity wells condensed large masses of hydrogen, until it fuses into helium, creating sun exploding outward into space. Increasing heat from the suns allows heavy metals to form and planets are born. Upon those planets, life is created from a cooler version of fusion fueled by heat and energy from the sun and held in by the gravity of the planet. There is still a randomizing entropy according to Daniel R. Brooks and E. O. Wiley book Evolution as Entropy (1988) that has an effect on fusion. When conditions are possible for fusion to take place, then the randomizing effects of entropy causes fusion to happen not in just one way, but in a variety of different ways. Essentially the effects of variable randomization on fusion creates diversity as spontaneous order moves out to fill all possible microstates. This is the variation discussed by Charles Darwin (1859) upon which domestication and natural selection play." Heidi Hileman, Cosmic Spirals:
Asymmetries of  |